The Sunne Rising by John Donne Essay Example for Free

The Sunne Rising by John Donne Essay The poet, John Donne wrote The Sunne Rising poem. The poem is metaphysical. Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that deals with the first principles of the reality of things, including questions about being and substance, time and space, causation and change, and identity. Metaphysics presents the theoretical philosophy as the ultimate science of being and knowing. Metaphysics provides sense relating to philosophical speculation and intellectual abstraction. Metaphysics belongs to the nature of transcendentalism, philosophical depreciative thoughts of reasoning and ideas. Metaphysics is excessively subtle and incredibly abstract. Transcendentalism surpasses and excels others of its kind beyond ordinary limits. Transcendentalism is pre-eminent, superior and supreme, something extraordinary. Transcendentalism is elevated above ordinary language as a lofty idea or concept. It transcends comprehension. Transcendentalism is obscure and abstruse. As applied by the Schoolmen, transcendentalism predicates which by their universal application were considered to go beyond the Aristotelian categories or predicaments. The Ten Categories, accordingly lists ten attributes or predicamenta[1], predicaments, which can be used to speak of things which engages ones interest in order to become an object of scientific investigation. A substance denotes a subject or thing in terms of what exists in itself and not in another. A substance cannot be attributed to another subject or thing. It is an ens per se, a being by and of itself.[2] The other categories are denoted by quantity, quality, relation, action, passion, place, time, posture, and habit. Those categories are used to speak of a thing, identified as a substance. Those last nine categories either inhere or exist in a substance as a substance and are affirmed. For example, the quantity and quality of a given thing given the matter and form. [3]as accidents while the subject or thing to which they refer remains substantially the same. Some categories, refer to relations or connections which can exist between a substance and its external environment. For example, the action and passion of a substance: What a substance does as a subject and receives from the activity of another source. Transcendentalism goes beyond the Aristotelian categories or predicaments. Those nine may refer to external causes and circumstances that should be noted in talking about anything. For example, habit, time, and place.[4] These later properties come and go. In transcendental terms, the poet expresses his love for his mate. The love poem consists of three regular stanzas. Each stanza is ten lines long, and follows a line stress pattern of 4255445555. The meter is basically iambic with a few variations. The variations from the iambic meter highlight significant passages in the sonnet. As well, highlighting significant passages are varying stress patterns. The stress pattern in lines one, five, and six, it is in tetrameter. However, the pattern in line two is in dimeter, and the pattern in lines three, four, and seven through ten are in pentameter. The rhyme scheme in each stanza is ABBACDCDEE. In the first stanza, the poet chastises the sun by calling it a Busie old foole, unruly Sunne, eagerly habitual motion of primeval and shabby action which lacks good judgment, a simpleton, Not amenable to rule or discipline, ungovernable, disorderly and turbulent star (1). The interference of the sun at this moment, belittling the significance of the sun elevates their act of love above the central body of the solar system, around which the earth and other planets revolve. The other planets are kept in their orbits by the suns attraction and supplied with light and heat by its radiation. Obviously, the sun is not insignificant, but their moment in bed is more important. This is an example of transcendentalism, the exaggeration or elevation of emotions beyond the importance of the central body of the solar system, the sun. The poet presents a rhetorical question, Why dost thou thus (2). For what reason, cause, motivation or purpose do you, referring to the sun, act so foolishly and make a mess of things? Using dost thou in reference to the sun, shows reproach or contempt for the suns action in a manner now being indicated or exemplified to this extent and in this degree (2). How did the sun behave foolishly? Through windowes, and through curtaines call on us? (3) Through the windows and curtains, the sun awakens us to begin our day of duties. Through the windows and curtains, the sun beckons us to rise from our slumber. Through the windows and curtains, the sun forcibly detracts us from the bed we share together. Must to thy motions lovers seasons run? (4) Why must lovers time end based on the rising of the sun? (4) The word motions is used to reference not only the motion of the sun, rising of the sun, but as well, the motion of lovers, the act of sex, both the sun and sex rise and sets, as do seasons , based on time (4). The poet places the motion of lovers above the motion of the sun, a sign of transcendentalism in the form of a lofty analogy. The poet admonishes the sun, placing the importance of the poet before that of the sun. The poet calls the sun a Sawcy pedantique wretch (5). A sawcy pedantique wretch is a despicable and vile person, one of opprobrious or reprehensible character, a mean and contemptible creature, insolent or impertinent with wanton lasciviousness through pedagogic schoolmasterly to superiors (5). The poet tells the sun to goe chide (5)/ Late schoole boyes, and sowre prentices (6). The poet speaks directly to the sun. The poet tells the sun to move towards quarrelling and wrangling with truant school boys and unpleasant and disagreeable, gloomy and sourer apprentices (6). Both school boys and apprentices are bound by to serve an employer in the exercise of some trade or profession, for a certain number of years, with a view to learn its details and duties, in which the employer is reciprocally bound to instruct him (6). In this analogy, the poet is the employer, and the sun is the sowre prentice (6). The poet continues admonishing the sun by telling the sun to Goe tell Court-huntsmen, that the King will ride (7), Call countrey ants to harvest offices (8). The poet tells the sun to move towards Court-huntsmen the kings manager of a fox-hunt, a man whose business is to take charge of a pack of hounds and direct the pursuit of game. The sun needs to awaken the court-huntsmen because the King will ride (7). The king is going to ride in the fox-hunt. The poet tells the sun to Call countrey ants to harvest offices (8). The word offices means duties. The sun awakening country ants to harvest duties is important because those ants do not infest indoor structures as did the sun. Those ants do not invade houses and buildings as the sun did, but rather they establish their nests around the outdoor gardens and yards, destroying vegetation rather than copulation. The analogy has changed to infer that the sun should awaken things that destroy foxes and vegetation, rather than things that creat e life through the act of copulation. The poet closes the first stanza by informing the sun that Love, all alike, no season knows, nor clyme (9), Nor houres, dayes, moneths, which are the rags of time (10). When the partners love is in complete unity, time does not understand. The sun telling time by way of its own artifice is analogies to beggars raising sores on their bodies without pain. Hours, days and months are the parts of time, analogies to sores, raised by the sun without pain. The analogy is the sun is the beggar who raises time, represented by sores, without pain. In the second stanza, the poet asks, Thy beames, so reverend, and strong (11)/ Why shouldst thou thinke? (12) The speaker wonders why the sun should think its beams to be so worthy of respect and reverence, commanding respect by ability, and powerful with the ability to exert great force? The poet to the sun says, I could eclipse and cloud them with a winke (13), But that I would not lose her sight so long (14). The speaker may obscure those beams by closing his eyes, yet he would not like to lose sight of his beloved for so long. The poet places the power of himself eclipsing the sun rays above the power of the suns beams. The poet has become a sort of godlike power, and that is another sign of transcendentalism. The poet to the sun inquires, If her eyes have not blinded thine (15), Looke, and to morrow late, tell mee (16), Whether both the Indias spice and Myne (17)/ Be where thou leftst them, or lie here with mee (18). If the suns eyes have not been blinded by her beautiful eyes, look late tomorrow whether the treasures of East Indies spices and West Indies gold mines be where you left them, or do the treasures of the Indies lie here in bed with me? The poet considers the abstraction of beauty between the treasures of the Indiies and the beauty of his beloved, as a symbol of transcendentalism. The poet closes the second stanza with a sublime statement; Aske for those Kings whom thou sawst yesterday (19), And thou shalt heare, All here in one bed lay (20). The poet to the sun-ask all those Kings that the sun beamed its rays upon yesterday, and you shall hear-they will choose to lie in bed with his beloved. The poet tells the sun that if the kings had a choice between the spices and gold, or lying in bed with his beloved, they would all choose to lie in bed with his beloved. The poet exalts the value of his beloved above that of the Indies spices and gold, an abstraction. Yet, the abstraction is a transcendental metaphor. In the third stanza, the poet to the sun describes, Sheis all States, and all Princes, I (21), Nothing else is (22). The speaker describes her soul as all countries in the world, and he represents a King for nothing else exists or is real. The poet supports his claim, Princes doe but play us; compard to this (23), All honors mimique; All wealth alchimie (24). The speakers informs the sun that princes only dabble with frivolity; compared to what he has in bed with his beloved. The poet explain what he has in bed with his beloved is imitated with honor, and a miraculous power of extractions with wealth. According to the poet, neither honor or wealth is as real as what he has in bed with his beloved. The poet to the sun claims Thou sunne art halfe as happyas wee (25), In that the worlds contracted thus (26). The speaker claims the sun is half as happy as him and beloved because the sun need only to beam onto this bed that represents the world. The poet supports that claim by pandering to the suns age. The speaker says, Thine age askes ease, and since thy duties bee (27)/ To warme the world, thats done in warming us (28). Since the sun is growing older, it desires ease. In order to perform its duties to warm the world in ease, it needs only to warm himself and beloved in bed for they represent the world. The poet argues to shine on their bed is to shine on the world. The poet to the sun closes the third stanza with Shine here to us, and thou art every where (29); This bed thy center is, these walls, thy spheare (30). The poet has successfully moved from the external to the internal world of the soul, represented by the world. The speaker explains to shine on us, the sun shines throughout the world. The world is an abstraction for the internal world of the soul. The perimeter of the soul is the suns center, and its walls, its sphere or dimension. The variations in stress patterns in each line represent the poets claim, support for that claim, and conclusion. Each stanza has two claims, represented by the stress patterns in lines one and two being the first claim, and five and six representing the second claim. The stress patterns for lines one, two, five and six are 4,2,4, and 4, respectively. In each stanza, line two represents the question or issue at hand with an extremely short stress pattern of only two. The claims are supported in lines three, four, seven, and eight with stress patterns of 5,5, 5, and 5. The argument is then concluded in each stanza in lines nine and ten with a stress pattern of 5 and 5. The poet connects the external to the internal world with a great deal of tension. Tension is that which can be understood by the mind, but not yet accepted by the emotions. Tension may also be interpreted as the stress between that which is grounded, West Indies spices and gold mines, by that which is elusive, to shine on this bed is to shine throughout the world.

Brave New World Essay Example for Free

Brave New World Essay Aldous Huxley was a writer of several novels, including the most famous Brave New World. He was born on 1894 and died on 1963. His interest includes politics, philosophy, parapsychology, psychology and mysticism. He was known to have close relationship to several people who have inclinations towards science. He has a botanical father and had worked in a chemical plant. Brave New World was written during an era where psychology and genetics play a vital role in explaining human behavior and reactions. It is then not impossible that there will come a time that humans will be experimented using psychology and genetics to be able to determine the extent of its effect. 1)Identify the characteristics (dimensions) of the narrative. A narrative is about telling stories, thus, it consist primarily of a plot structure, conflict, characters, setting, theme and point of view. The plot structure is basically the outline or the framework of the whole narrative; it includes the introduction followed by the rising action and the climax and then the falling action and finally the resolution. The conflict on the other hand is the disagreement in the narrative; usually it is where the whole plot revolves. The characters are the players or those who perform in the narrative. The setting is where the narrative takes place. The theme is the topic or the issue/s being portray or shown as the narrative progresses. The point of view is what the characters or the author seems to think from their perspective. 2)Discover an explanation for how the narrative creates meaning. The narrative creates a meaning by putting all of its dimensions together. Weaving one with another, it generates an idea that later result to a series of story which are connected with one another. 3)What is the setting? Where does the story takes place? Brave New World starts in ‘Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre’, there is a tour in the Hatcheries. The director is explaining to the students the process of reproduction of ‘customized’ human beings. The story takes place during A. F. otherwise known as After Ford. 4)Who are the characters? Are they human? Fleshed out? Known and unknown traits. The first character to be shown was the ‘Director’ Tomakin. He was the director of Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre. As the story succeeds, he was shown to be a part of a scandal involving his impregnation of Linda, a second caste or Beta and having a son with her named John, some 25 years ago. The next character was Linda Crowne, she is another Beta which depicts the typical female in the Brave New World. She is nineteen years old and is a lab worker at the Conditioning Center. She is Bernard’s love interest and she also like Bernard. Bernard is the main character in the story, he works as a psychologist in the Conditioning Centre and belongs to the Alpha class or the first class. He is the one to expose the son and wife of Director Tomakin. John or more commonly known as ‘the savage’ is the son of Linda and Tomakin. He lives in the savage Reservation along with her mother. He causes the big embarrassment for the director. He found his mother in the dying bed. He serves as the character who lives in the old world or something like that. Mustapha Mond is one of the World Controller. At the beginning of the narrative he told the students who are touring the Control Center about monogamy and the bond between mother and child, which he remarked as ‘horrifying’. Helmholtz Watson looks like Bernard’s Bestfriend and adviser. He like Bernard is not in favor of the ‘new order’ he thinks that there is something that is not right in the system. Ford is another term or shortcut for Freud which serves as the new ‘God’ as revealed in the story by Mond. Other characters are just minor characters. Among the characters, ‘the savages’ are the only one who is really humans’ or those who become humans in the natural sense. Other characters are fleshed out. Although they are till humans are homo sapiens, they are not created in the normal process. As stated above, they are somehow, customized. 5)Who is the narrator? Attitude toward story? Powers available to narrator? Characteristics? Trustworthy reliable? The narrator is actually not among the characters thus he/she have the capability to tell the readers what is actually taking place in the narrative. The narrator’s attitude is somehow against the world order but it seems that the narrator is curios of what will happen after things are going this and that way. I could not say for sure if the narrator is trustworthy and reliable since there are instances wherein he/she tries to guess part of the story. Also, since the narrator is not an actual character it is hard to tell how much is his/her if his/her interpretations are coherent. 6)What are the events? Which are important for the story’s development? Which flesh out the story? The first three chapters generally describe that ‘brave new world’. The tour in the Control Center gives us a brief overview of the workings involved in the conditioning and reconditioning of the people, from conception to old age. Then the presentation of Lenina as the typical human being during that time in contrast with Bernard who seems to deviate with what is foreseen as natural. The visit to the Savage Reservation which shows the members of the old world and how they live corresponds to the presentation of a small part or population who still live in the ‘old system’. Meeting John and Linda who turns out to be the Director’s family, John being a child conceived through normal sexual intercourse which the new society or the Fordian society believes to be obscene. The presentation of John as the son followed by the fame of Bernard that was only short-lived since John did not show up in the conference which was arranged to confirm his identity. Then it shows the Shakespearean love that John felt for Lenina while Lenina shows the love she knows, this leads him to beat her. It was then followed by Linda’s death which leads to a riot at the hospital. This leads to the arrest of Helmholtz, Bernard and John. Bernard and Helmholtz were sent to another island far from England. John on the other hand was permitted to live n England. The people in England seems to drive John crazy, thus at the end, he killed himself. 7)How are events related in time? How are they told in the story? (Flashbacks? ) What is the speed or pace of the story? The events are related as the story progresses however there are indeed some flashbacks especially the scenes with John in the savage Reservation. The speed of the story is fast paced but there are enough explanation for every scenes. 8)What are the causes and effects? Are causes human? Supernatural? Are effects caused by accidents? Forces of nature? The Causes are the humans as can be seen since it is the humans who create the ‘brave new world’. Accordingly, the world is patterned to how Freud had conceived family as a disintegration of individual. The new order also aims to promote happiness by controlling everything in the human life. The effects are not merely accidents but an understanding of a ‘utopian’ view. 9)Who is the audience? What can we tell about the audience’s knowledge, personality, and abilities, on the basis of the speaker’s attitude toward audience? The audience is basically the reader which is also the spectators who are looking forward the development and progress in the narrative. The speaker speaks of the audience as someone who wants to join or be included in the ‘utopian like’ world where everything is equal yet individuality is missing. 10)What is the theme? It may be an underlying truth or saying. How obvious and clear is the theme? â€Å"Community, Identity and Stability has been the central theme of the whole novel since it is even the motto of the ‘new order’. The theme is very obvious since it is discussed in the novel. Stability is always mentioned with its reference to control and less conflict. Science seems to be the central source of power in the ‘brave new world’, science is used to provide less conflict through conditioning and minimizing conflicts. 11)Does the narrative fulfill its creator’s purpose? I believe it has fulfilled its creator purpose of delivering a novel that shows a future society if it will be designed or patterned to a ‘communal, scientific capital system’. Everyone will be treated in the same way. People do not experience loneliness because they are conditioned to be like this and do that. People are treated as mechanisms and/or things that can be rejected if it does not suffice its purpose. People live and die with the purpose of living together harmoniously in a fake reality. 12) Does the narrative provide useful ideas for living your life? Yes, it had me thinking of my own view regarding Utopia. It also gives me an insight about the way society has effects on the individual. The way the society can shape and somehow manipulate what an individual will think and how he/she will react. Also, it shows that although science, in general and genetic engineering in particular, may be used to treat illnesses and can improve life, it might also result to artificial human beings which are created in laboratories. Reference: Huxley, A. (1958). Brave New World.

Building Materials Used in Construction

Building Materials Used in Construction In the world of construction, the king of building materials is concrete. It is the most common material and it constitutes the base of a lot of constructions like buildings, roads, bridges, tunnels, water pipes dams etc. It is an absolutely indispensable tool of civil engineers that is used for more than a century. Before its existence the largest portion of constructions was covered by two other materials, wood and stone, while the last years is very widespread the use of the reinforced concrete; which is concrete with bars of steel in it. Concrete Analysis We can say that concrete is a type of an artificial stone, a mixture of four elements; cement, water, sand and aggregates that is succeed by the process of hydration. This process converts the slushiness mixture into an artificial stone just in a few hours. The tight concrete continue to harden for many years but in the seven fist days has already taken more than 70% of its total resistance and in 28 days will have take practically its total resistance. Making the concrete we should be very careful to the proportioning. Cement and water are the two chemically reactive elements while sand and aggregates are chemically inactive. The proportions of each material in the mixture affect the properties of the final hardened concrete. As the cement (created by crushing up clay and limestone together and roasting it in a kiln) content increases, so does the strength and durability of the concrete (a good rate is 12%), the water should be pure and not overtop the 17% because the mixture will b e weak and as it concerns the aggregates, too much fine aggregate gives a sticky mix while too much coarse aggregate gives a harsh mix. All these materials together give to concrete some properties and the basic property is that concrete has a very high resistance in compression but low resistance in tension. For this reason, as it mentioned before, we use a lot the reinforced concrete; because the steel bars can handle the concrete in tension. As exists the term of resistance so on the opposite will be another term, this of fatigue. Explanation of Fatigue Fatigue is a process of progressive, permanent structural change occurring in a material which is subjected to conditions that produce time fluctuating stresses and strains. The structural changes appeal in cracks or complete fracture after a sufficient number of fluctuations. The fatigue process occurring in concrete has been under investigation since about 1900 with the majority of the significant work having been done during the past twenty years. This process has been observed in concrete under repeated compressive and flexural loading and small amounts of experimental work show that it also occurs under reversed flexural loading and repeated tensile loading. Reasons of damage on concrete In perfect conditions, that means an artificial environment of a laboratory and without considering the human mistake, concrete can last without any corrosion about 50 years. But in our environment the fatigue of concrete will start to appear in 30 years and after that the construction need to be watched and maintained. We can examine the fatigue of concrete with two different points of view; macro scale and micro scale. As it concerns the fatigue of the concrete from a macro scale view we can refer the following reasons. Concrete is a mixture of materials that is decayed in time so the first reason of the fatigue of the concrete is because of its old. Another cause is the intense alkaline environment of the atmosphere and this phenomenon is appeared especially at the urban centers because of the exhausts that are coming out from vehicles and factories. The proximity of the concrete in the water environment, such as big amounts of salt in the air and big amounts of moisture, is also an erosive factor. Furthermore, the boisterous change of the temperature as much as in winter and summer months in combination with the high amounts of moisture cause intense shrinkages and expansions on concrete. It is characteristically observed that the boisterous change of temperature per 10Π¿ C doubles the velocity of corrosion in concrete. Earthquake is the most dangerous reason of all. It can affect the concrete less or too much. It can cause a damage that is invisible but this may affect the building for years creating a bigger damage later. But the earthquake also can cause a complete fracture of concrete. The last important reason tin the macro scale view is the fire. During the fire the most common problems that are presenting are firstly the fracture part of the concrete because of the violent development of pressures from the evaporation of the water contain in concrete, secondly the thermal expansion of the concrete which also leads to fracture and finally the various change of stresses on concrete because of the abrupt freezing extinguishing of fire. If we want to study it from a micro scale view we could refer the following causes of the fatigue on concrete : Sulfate Deterioration. Sodium, magnesium, and calcium sulfates are salts These sulfates react chemically with the hydrated lime and hydrated aluminate in cement paste and form calcium sulfate and calcium sulfoaluminate. The volume of these reaction byproducts is greater than the volume of the cement paste from which they are formed, causing disruption of the concrete from expansion. Alkali Aggregate Reaction. Certain types of sand and aggregate, such as opal, chert, and flint, or volcanics with high silica content, are reactive with the calcium, sodium, and potassium hydroxide alkalies in portland cement concrete. These reactions, though observed and studied for more than 50 years, remain poorly defined and little understood. Some concrete containing alkali reactive aggregate shows immediate evidence of destructive expansion and deterioration. Other concrete might remain undisturbed for many years. Petrographic examination of reactive concrete shows that a gel is formed around the reactive aggregate. This gel undergoes extensive expansion in the presence of water or water vapor (a relative humidity of 80 to 85 percent is all the water required), creating tension cracks around the aggregate and expansion of the concrete. If unconfined, the expansion within the concrete is first apparent by pattern cracking on the surface. Deterioration Caused by Cyclic Freezing and Thawing. Freeze-thaw deterioration is a common cause of damage to concrete constructed in the colder climates. For freeze-thaw damage to occur, the following conditions must exist: The concrete must undergo cyclic freezing and thawing. b. The pores in the concrete, during freezing, must be nearly saturated with water (more than 90 percent of saturation). Water experiences about 15 percent volumetric expansion during freezing. If the pores and capillaries in concrete are nearly saturated during freezing, the expansion exerts tensile forces that fracture the cement mortar matrix. This deterioration occurs from the outer surfaces inward in almost a layering manner. The rate of progression of freeze-thaw deterioration depends on the number of cycles of freezing and thawing, the degree of saturation during freezing, the porosity of the concrete, and the exposure conditions. Acid Exposure. The more common sources of acidic exposure involving concrete structures occur in the vicinity of under-ground mines. Drainage waters exiting from such mines can contain acids of sometimes unexpectedly low pH value. A pH value of 7 is defined as neutral. Values higher than 7 are defined as basic, while pH values lower than 7 are acidic. A 15- to 20-percent solution of sulfuric acid will have a pH value of about 1. Such a solution will damage concrete very rapidly. Acidic waters having pH values of 5 to 6 will also damage concrete, but only after long exposure. Construction Defects. Some of the more common types of damage to concrete caused by construction defects are rock pockets and honeycombing, form failures, dimensional errors, and finishing defects. Honeycomb and rock pockets are areas of concrete where voids are left due to failure of the cement mortar to fill the spaces around and among coarse aggregate particles. Solutions Generally when a crack affects the performance of the structure, then we will repair it to restore its structural properties. Epoxy injection is typically the basis for this type of repair, with or without added reinforcement. The injected epoxy is actually stronger than the concrete and can restore the concrete strength. To use epoxy injection to repair a crack, the crack is first cleaned by vacuuming or flushing with water to get out any dirt or contamination. The cracks on the surface are then sealed with an epoxy gel to prevent the injected epoxy from running out. Injection and venting ports are installed and the epoxy is injected. High pressure is not used since that could actually widen the cracks. Once the cracks have been filled, the ports and surface seals are removed, typically by grinding the surfaces flush with the concrete matrix. When concrete is too deteriorated for epoxy injection, then all unsound concrete is removed and new concrete is placed. (http://www.concretene twork.com/concrete-repair/structure.html) (accessed 17/04/2011) Portland cement mortar may be used for repairing defects on surfaces not prominently exposed, where the defects are too wide for dry pack filling or where the defects are too shallow for concrete filling and no deeper than the far side of the reinforcement that is nearest the surface. Repairs may be made either by use of shotcrete or by hand application methods. Replacement mortar can be used to make shallow, small size repairs to new or green concrete. Surface grinding can be used to repair some bulges, offsets, and other irregularities that exceed the desired surface tolerances. Excessive surface grinding, however, may result in weakening of the concrete surface, exposure of easily removed aggregate particles, or unsightly appearance. The dry pack concrete repair technique shall be limited to areas that are small in width and relatively deep, such as core holes, holes left by the removal of form ties, cone-bolt and she-bolt holes, and narrow slots cut for repair of cracks. Epoxy bonded dry pack shall be used for critical repairs or for repairs expected to be exposed to severe service conditions. Dry pack mortar shall consist of type I or II Portland cement, clean sand that will pass a 1.18-mm sieve, and clean water. Epoxy-bonded concrete is defined as freshly mixed Portland cement concrete that is placed over a fluid epoxy resin bond coat on hardened existing concrete. Epoxy-bonded concrete repair may be used when the depth of repair is 30 cm à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 50 cm or greater. Resin injection is used to repair concrete that is cracked or delaminated and to seal cracks in concrete to water leakage. Two basic types of resin and injection techniques are used to repair Reclamation concrete. Epoxy Resins and Polyurethane Resins. Conclusion Without concrete, the history of constructions would not be the same and our concern must be to make it stronger and friendlier to the environment and make even more impressive constructions.

Emergency and Oral Contraceptives :: Birth Control Expository Essays

Emergency and Oral Contraceptives Contraception is the intentional prevention of conception or pregnancy after unprotected sexual intercourse. Contraceptives are more than 99 percent effective, and I believe they are a reliable form of birth control. Men and women want contraception in one form or another that is safe, effective, affordable, and easy to use. Today, more than ever, we have a variety of choices that meet these needs (Winikoff 1). Emergency contraception has been available for more than 25 years and could prevent 1.7 million unintended pregnancies and 800,000 abortions each year in the U.S. It is a safe and effective method of contraception, and women who have used it report high levels of satisfaction. These successfully staggering numbers are evidence of the effectiveness of contraception. A more common name for emergency contraception is the ‘morning after’ pill. But this indeed is an inaccurate generalization. The pill can be taken the night of sexual intercourse, and even up to 72 hours after intercourse. A woman using the emergency contraceptive method should begin taking the recommended dosage within the first 72 hours of unprotected sexual intercourse. The recommended dosage, which is two pills, is to be taken 12 hours apart. For best results, the first pill is to be taken within the 72 hour time frame, yet studies do show effectiveness if taken after that period. The second pill must be taken 12 hours after the first (Samra). The emergency contraceptive pills each contain .05 mg of the hormone ethinyl estradiol and .5 mg of the hormone norgestrel. The ingestion of these hormones is what prevents or delays ovulation. These hormones also can prevent the fertilization of the egg, if one has already been released from the ovary, and may interfere with the implantation of an egg. Scientific evidence suggests the pills work before pregnancy occurs by preventing or delaying ovulation (Syrop). Although emergency contraception is considered safe and effective, it should not be used as an everyday method of contraception. Emergency contraception is not as effective as birth control pills, because of occasions where it is taken too late, and is associated with more uncomfortable side effects. The most common side effects are nausea and vomiting (Syrop). Another form of emergency contraception deals with the insertion of a copper-T intrauterine device (IUD) within five days of unprotected sex. Insertion of this device is more effective than emergency contraception. Inserting an IUD can prevent implantation of a fertilized egg 99 percent of the time, and can be left in place for up to ten years if desired (Syrop).

College Admissions Essays - Something Daring and New -- College Admiss

College Admissions Essays - Something Daring and New Think about something you never did in high school but wish you had done. Now imagine your time at college. Propose taking up something daring and new, and describe how it might affect your life. For years I have harbored a secret desire to become a cheese aficionado. This is not entirely arbitrary. Cheese, as an independent entity outside of any broader alimentary context, is at once worldly and whimsical. It provides the ideal complement to that side of my personality which has historically been dominant. My experiences have been largely rooted in the world of the abstract and the intellectual. Mathematics, music, writing, and the like have given me a certain sense of detachment from reality. While I have historically enjoyed this detachment, there is always a desire to diversify. Eating cheese is a direct immersion in the world of the senses, where things are taken at face value. You don’t analyze cheese, you just eat it — a refreshingly simple outlook on life. At the same time, cheese offers the oppo...

Coretta Scott King Essay -- Biography

Coretta Scott King   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coretta Scott King was born on April 27, 1927 in Heiberger, Alabama. Heiberger was a small segregated town. Coretta’s parents were Obadiah and Bernice Scott. She has an older sister named Edythe and a younger brother, Obie. Coretta was named after her grandmother Cora Scott. Her family was hard working and devoted Christians. Coretta had a strong temper, feared no one and stood up for herself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coretta, Edythe and Obie had to walk three miles to an all-black school in Heiberger. Coretta faced many challenges in school and when she would come back from school she would ask her mother why is this happening. Her mother encouraged her to do her best in school and not to worry about anything except education. Remembering what her mother told her, Coretta was able to focus on her education and graduate at the top of her class. When it was time for her to enter seventh grade, both Coretta and Edythe were arranged to go to another black school called the Lincoln School, which was ten miles away in Marion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marion was too far to walk back and forth everyday and there was no bus for the black students. The only way for them to get to school was to catch a ride with a black family but they had to pay. By the age of ten, Coretta and Edythe had to pick cotton to get money in the cotton fields.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the Lincoln School Coretta was taught by white and black teachers. She learned that white people from the North treated blacks equally. Coretta was an...

Pros and cons of the Death Penalty Essay

Capital Punishment, legal infliction of death as a penalty for violating criminal law. Methods of execution have included such practices as crucifixion, stoning, drowning, burning at the stake, impaling, and beheading. Today capital punishment is typically accomplished by lethal gas or injection, electrocution, hanging, or shooting. The death penalty is the most controversial penal practice in the modern world. The United States stands apart from the general trends on capital punishment. It is the only Western industrialized nation where executions still take place. Furthermore, it is the only nation that combines frequent executions with a highly developed legal system characterized by respect for individual rights. Some of the pros and cons are as follows: Pros- Just Punishment- A punishment is just if it recognizes the seriousness of the crime. â€Å"Let the punishment fit the crime† is a generally accepted and sound precept. In structuring criminal sentences, society must determine what punishment fits the premeditated taking of innocent human life. To be proportionate to the offense of cold-blooded murder, the penalty for such an offense must acknowledge the inviolability of human life. Without a death penalty, the criminal law’s penalties will essentially â€Å"top out† and will not differentiate murder from other offenses. Only if the sentencing structure allows for a substantially greater penalty for murder will the range of penalties fully reflect the seriousness of ending the life of an innocent human being. Deterrence- The death penalty is also justified because of its deterrent effect, which saves the lives of innocent persons by discouraging potential murderers. Logic supports the conclusion that capital punishment is the most effective deterrent for premeditated murders. A capital sentence is  certainly a more feared penalty than a prison term. The lengths to which convicted murderers go to avoid imposition of this sentence clearly demonstrates this fact, as do interviews with prison inmates. To be sure, the death penalty does not deter all murders. But because a capital sentence is more severe than other penalties, it is reasonable to assume that its existence will lead at least some potential murderers to decide against risking execution. As the Supreme Court has observed, â€Å"There are carefully contemplated murders, such as the murder for hire, where the possible penalty of death may well enter into the cold calculus that precedes the decision to act.† Incapacitation- Capital punishment also serves to effectively prevent murderers from killing again. This incapacitation effect is particularly important because of the continuing risk posed by those who have already taken a human life. For example, according to data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, of 52,000 state prison inmates serving time for murder in 1984, an estimated 810 had previously been convicted of murder. Had some of these murderers been given the death penalty for their first murders, innocent people would have been spared. . Only a capital sentence can permanently end the threat to others posed by the most serious murderers. The death penalty gives closure to the victim’s families who have suffered so much. It provides a punishment and deterrent for someone who’s already sentenced to life in prison. Prisoner parole or escapes can give criminals another chance to kill. Cons- Risk to the Innocent- The risk that an innocent person might be executed, Unlike all other criminal punishments, the death penalty is irrevocable,(IRREVERSIBLE) CAPITAL PUNISHMENT COSTS MORE THAN INCARCERATION A murder trial normally takes much longer when the death penalty is at issue than when it is not. Litigation costs – including the time of judges, prosecutors, public defenders, and court reporters, and the high costs of briefs – are mostly borne by the taxpayer. A 1982 study showed that were the death penalty to be reintroduced in New York, the cost of the capital trial alone would be more than double the cost of a life term in prison. It is barbaric and violates the â€Å"cruel and unusual† clause in the Bill of Rights,some people believe. We as a society have to move away from the â€Å"eye for an eye† revenge mentality if civilization is to advance. It sends the wrong message: why kill people who kill people to show killing is wrong. Some jury members are reluctant to convict if it means putting someone to death. The prisoner’s family must suffer from seeing their loved one put to death by the state. It is useless in that it doesn’t bring the victim back to life. The death penalty is racially biased against African Americans Statistical evidence conducted on cases of similar crimes found that African American defendants are over four times as likely to be executed as their White counterparts. A similar study noted that White defendants face almost no chance of execution when their victim is African-American. While African Americans make up only 13% of the U.S. population, over 40% of death-row inmates are African-American. In light of these gross inequalities, the continuation of capital punishment constitutes egregious discrimination. it is also true that those on death row come disproportionately from low-income and high-crime geographic areas. That such areas are disproportionately  populated by African Americans is a tragic correlation, painting a troubling portrait of a nation that lacks equality. Mistakes can be made, Advances in forensic medicine and DNA testing are leading to more and more exoneration’s of convicted criminals.